{"id":17366,"date":"2023-02-22T06:54:28","date_gmt":"2023-02-22T06:54:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mup-group.com\/?p=17366"},"modified":"2023-02-22T06:54:28","modified_gmt":"2023-02-22T06:54:28","slug":"bombentrichter-oder-doch-nicht-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/bombentrichter-oder-doch-nicht-2\/","title":{"rendered":"<strong>Bomb funnel! ...or not?<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"17366\" class=\"elementor elementor-17366\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-242992de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"242992de\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-488b82b1\" data-id=\"488b82b1\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-696027a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"696027a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.17.0 - 08-11-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>The interpretation of explosive bomb craters is an essential part of aerial image analysis for the preliminary detection of explosive ordnance. How well these objects can be recognised depends primarily on the quality and scale of the available aerial imagery. If both factors are favourable, it is generally possible to identify explosive bomb craters on the basis of their characteristics (ejected material, hollow shape). This is particularly the case if the bombing took place shortly before the aerial photograph was taken and the funnels were not filled in again between the time they were dropped and the aerial photograph was taken. Older bomb craters that were partially or completely filled in, on the other hand, can often only be recognised as round, flat objects with blurred edges in wartime aerial photographs (see Fig. 1 for an example). Identification as bomb craters is often no longer possible beyond doubt, especially as objects shaped in this way can also be attributed to non-military circumstances.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":17367,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} --><\/p>\n<p>Ursachen der Entstehung von runden, flachen Bodenmerkmalen mit zivilem Hintergrund sind haupts\u00e4chlich in land- und forstwirtschaftlicher Nutzung zu suchen. So sind beispielsweise &nbsp;Heumieten leicht mit \u00e4lteren\/\u00fcberpr\u00e4gten Bombentrichtern zu verwechseln. Diese meist kegelf\u00f6rmigen Haufen k\u00f6nnen eine H\u00f6he von 6-7 m erreichen und sind im Luftbild als Vollformen gut erkennbar. Im Laufe der Zeit werden diese nach und nach abgetragen und hinterlassen Strukturen, die luftbildsichtig alten Sprengbombentrichtern t\u00e4uschend \u00e4hnlich sein k\u00f6nnen (Beispiel s. Abb. 2).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":17368,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} --><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mup-group.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-2_Heumieten.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"772\" height=\"604\" class=\"wp-image-17368\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mup-group.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-2_Heumieten.jpg\" alt=\"Abb 2 Heumieten\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-2_Heumieten.jpg 772w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-2_Heumieten-300x235.jpg 300w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-2_Heumieten-768x601.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><\/a><p><\/p>\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig 2 <em> - Hay rents before and after removal (source: aerial photo database<\/em>)<\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In areas used for forestry, it is the hole cutting (circular clearing to rejuvenate the forest stand) that creates aerial structures that - especially if they are small and irregular - can easily be mistaken for \"aged\" bomb craters (see Fig. 3 for an example).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":17369,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} --><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mup-group.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-3_Lochhieb.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-image-17369\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mup-group.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-3_Lochhieb-700x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Abb 3 Lochhieb\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-3_Lochhieb-700x1024.jpg 700w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-3_Lochhieb-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-3_Lochhieb-768x1124.jpg 768w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-3_Lochhieb.jpg 863w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/><\/a><p><\/p>\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig 3<em> - Hole cut (source: aerial photo database)<\/em><\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Other - albeit less frequently occurring - objects that have the potential to be confused with older\/overprinted bomb craters are, for example, circular field irrigation systems or old barrows. In both cases, flat, circular ground structures can be seen in the aerial image, which can bear a clear resemblance to infilled bomb craters (see Fig. 4 for an example).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:image {\"id\":17370,\"sizeSlug\":\"large\",\"linkDestination\":\"media\"} --><\/p>\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mup-group.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-4_Bewasserung-Graber.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"792\" height=\"1024\" class=\"wp-image-17370\" src=\"https:\/\/www.mup-group.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-4_Bewasserung-Graber-792x1024.jpg\" alt=\"Abb 4 Bewasserung Graber\" srcset=\"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-4_Bewasserung-Graber-792x1024.jpg 792w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-4_Bewasserung-Graber-232x300.jpg 232w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-4_Bewasserung-Graber-768x994.jpg 768w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-4_Bewasserung-Graber-1187x1536.jpg 1187w, https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Abb-4_Bewasserung-Graber.jpg 1192w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 792px) 100vw, 792px\" \/><\/a><p><\/p>\n<figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Fig <em>4 - Irrigation structures (above) and barrows (below) (source: aerial photo database)<\/em><\/figcaption>\n<\/figure>\n<p><!-- \/wp:image --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Another important interpretation feature when analysing aerial images to detect bomb craters is the geometric arrangement of the individual objects. For example, certain distribution patterns can provide a strong indication that image content that has typical characteristics of bomb craters in terms of shape and size can be attributed to an origin other than bombing.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>In order to avoid confusion with image features of civilian origin when detecting explosive bomb craters, it is necessary to obtain aerial images of several time periods in order to be able to carry out a multi-temporal comparison of the utilisations at the location in question. This is the only way to ensure the most reliable object identification possible; the risk of misinterpretation is minimised. A monotemporal aerial image evaluation with consideration of a single aerial image time slice considerably increases the probability of misinterpretations and is not to be considered technically meaningful. A prerequisite in this context is the availability of the corresponding image material in the relevant archives.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The interpretation of explosive bomb craters is an essential part of aerial image analysis for the preliminary detection of explosive ordnance. How well these objects can be recognised depends primarily on the quality and scale of the available aerial imagery. If both factors are favourable, it is generally possible to identify explosive bomb craters on the basis of their characteristics (ejected material, hollow shape). This is particularly [...]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":17392,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17366","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nachrichten"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17366","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17366"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17366\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17392"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17366"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17366"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/staging-mup-group-wordpress.rz.mup-digital.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17366"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}